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The most frequently reported proximal influence was desire for a cigarette, followed by abstinence-violation cognitions (okay to smoke occasionally, wanted to see what it would be like) and negative emotions.
Variables asking for adolescents' beliefs referring to Petraitis et al. proximal influence factors were not assessed.
There are ultimate, distal, and proximal influence factors, and each of those can be divided into social, attitudinal, and intrapersonal risk/protective factors.
Functional MRI may help identify intermediate phenotypes and dimensions of PTSD that clarify the functional link between genes and disease phenotype, and also highlight features of PTSD that show more proximal influence of susceptibility genes compared to current clinical categorizations.
However, injection of IL-22 significantly increased MDSC accumulation in IL-23 KO mice, while injection of IL-23 had no significant effect on MDSC numbers in IL-22 KO mice (figure 5B), suggesting that IL-22 and not IL-23 is a more proximal influence on MDSC accumulation.
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The distal influences of gender, gestational and current age, temperament, and early nociceptive stimuli were considered, as well as the proximal influences of parental and nurse coping-promoting statements within the treatment room.
This is a notable omission in the literature, because there is some evidence to suggest that internalizing behavior increases risk for substance use, and peers are considered to be among the strongest proximal influences of substance use.
Three domains of the lapse experience were assessed: lapse situation characteristics, precipitants of use in the situation, and proximal influences (i.e., potential precipitants occurring on the same day, prior to the lapse situation).
The results suggest that more proximal influences such as perceived management commitment to safety and the efficacy of safety measures exert more impact on workforce behaviour and subsequent accident rates than fundamental national values.
Participants distinguished between the proximal influences on patient safety that posed an immediate threat to patient care, and the distal influences that generated the contexts for such hazards.
Key proximal influences are also critical and may include parent child interactions, parental mental health, and children's relationships with their teachers and peers.
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