While education measures socioeconomic status closer to the time of reproductive choices which are important for breast cancer risk, more proximal exposures such as post menopausal obesity, screening, and HT use are also important for breast cancer risk and so both measures are relevant.
Of the studies describing dual-sensor pH monitoring, abnormally high proximal acid exposure was reported as 46% in 56 asthmatics [ 27] and abnormally high distal acid exposure was reported in 78% of 54 asthmatics [ 28].
The highest proximal acid exposure and consequently symptom perception was noted in functional heartburn patients (normal endoscopy and normal pH testing) and to a lesser extent in NERD patients with abnormal pH testing.
However, axons located in the distal compartment demonstrated non-continuous immunolabelling of SMI32 following proximal excitotoxin exposure (Fig. 1G).
Comparison of the effects of 5 mM and 10 mM kainic acid after 14 and 28 days of infusion suggests a dose-dependent and time-dependent loss of motor neurons in response to proximal excitotoxin exposure.
Although mechanisms leading to weight loss and diabetes remission are only beginning to be understood, the above endocrine, peptide, and neural effects may mediate these benefits because of structural changes including isolation of the gastric cardia; exclusion of the distal stomach, duodenum, and proximal jejunum; exposure of the distal intestine to undigested nutrients; and partial vagotomy.
For proximal excitotoxin exposure in the current study in mice, 10 mM and 5 mM kainic acid was applied to the subarachnoid space of the L3 to L4 region of the spinal cord, which was equivalent to 5 μg and 2.5 μg per 24 hours, respectively, this dosage was chosen based upon the previous studies in rats (Sun et al., 2006).
Handwipes are potentially a more proximal measure of exposure than dust and may reflect exposure in more than one microenvironment.
This lack of comparability limits the value of individual studies for understanding the proximal causes of exposure and for developing procedures to reduce this exposure.
Finally, chemical exposures could eventually be examined in terms of toxicokinetics and mechanisms of action, allowing proximal effects of exposure to be teased apart and considered separately from consequent physiologic responses.
