Glynne and colleagues [ 73] incubated proximal tubular epithelial cells with TNF-α and observed disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and elongation of cells and shedding of viable, apoptotic and necrotic cells dependent on nitric oxide (NO).
Beebeejaun and colleagues [25] also found proximal renal tubular necrosis by histopathological examination of a fatal case of PQ poisoning.
In particular, Laxmanan and colleagues found that human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells treated with soluble CD40L to ligate CD40 showed a significant increase in the generation of proinflammatory ROS; however, CD40-activated cells did not undergo apoptosis [ 45].
Previous experiments have demonstrated that mice exposed to copper NMs had severe damage to the proximal tubular cells [ 11], while Wang and colleagues observed glomerulonephritis and pathological degeneration of the renal proximal convoluted tubules following oral TiO2 administration [ 12].
Although the proximal, presumably trypsin-associated factors are unknown, Mahurkar and colleagues have recently reported a higher incidence of mutations in the cathepsin B gene (CTSB) in patients with TP than controls [40].
Our results are in accordance with those by Han and colleagues [ 65], demonstrating that in human renal proximal tubule cells the majority of p22phox and Rac1 is distributed in lipid rafts, whereas Nox4 is excluded from them.
Marshall and colleagues [ 14] reported strong AVP-mediated vasoconstrictive effects on proximal arterioles of the spinotrapezius muscle of the rat.
Furthermore, Weinberg and colleagues have shown that citric acid cycle intermediates may protect proximal tubules against injury and may promote recovery from sustained mitochondrial energetic deficit.
Here, William Greenleaf and colleagues develop a technique that they term RICC-seq, which identifies spatially proximal DNA DNA contacts.
Studies by Carroll and colleagues have shown that ERs only sometimes regulate genes using EREs from proximal promoter regions and generally use distal enhancers and other binding sequences, such as Forkhead binding sites [ 31].
Consistent with the indispensable role of NBCe1 in acid/base homeostasis, Igarashi and colleagues found that inactivating mutations in NBCe1 cause a severe type of proximal renal tubular acidosis (pRTA) associated with ocular abnormalities [ 2].
