Possible mechanisms by which alcohol induces headache [22, 23] include a vasodilatory effect on intracranial vasculature [12], alteration of cytokine pathways [24], hormonal disturbance [23], the headache provoking effects of congeners [12], and acetaldehyde-mediated mechanisms [9 11].
Gervasi rightly suggests that Hitchcock is no mere puppet master who seeks to provoke effects in his viewers; he's converting the world as he sees it, in its practical details and obsessively ugly corners, into his art, and he's doing so precisely because those are the aspects of life that haunt his imagination.
It was concluded that forced cow traffic provoked effects that may have negative effects on feed intake and cow welfare.
The hypothesis tested was that restricted access to the feeding areas provokes effects on chewing activities related to feeding and rumination.
Biocide concentrations equaling EC50s (reproduction) for E. fetida provoked effects on the field earthworms mainly exceeding 50%, indicating effect intensification from the laboratory to field as well as the influence of indirect effects produced by species interactions.
Furthermore, sustainability (i.e. continuation in practice after study termination) of lifestyle interventions is crucial to provoke effects on public health.
Not all of these definitions have proven useful in guiding experimental work aimed at investigating whether mixtures of EDs provoke effects at low doses.
It was possible to determine the 100% effect (relative to the PC) for each chemical, and the lowest tested concentration did not provoke effects significantly different from the untreated controls.
By activating differing effector chains, every component of a mixture of dissimilarly acting chemicals is thought to provoke effects independent of all other agents that might also be present.
ECx Mix and ECx i are the concentrations of the mixture and the i-th single substance concentrations, respectively, both provoking an effect of x%.
