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That is the case of Ti and its alloys, in which in vivo conditions alter the stability of the passive layer and provoke the release of both metallic ions and particles [1].
One explanation for this result is that the elemental analysis includes a high-temperature incineration step (up to 1,000°C) which could provoke the release of some hydration water and lead to the partial decomposition of some inorganic components, such as kaolinite, thereby releasing OH groups and leading to an overestimation of the hydrogen content.
Could we provoke the release of prominin-1-CMV?
Furthermore, as shown in Fig. 1, certain non-inflammatory neurotransmitters can provoke the release of pro-inflammatory substances such as interleukin-8.
Wounding and inflammation also provoke the release of growth factors and cytokines from platelets, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages and other inflammatory cells.
Cartilage breakdown products, derived from the articular surface as a result of mechanical or enzymatic destruction of the cartilage, can provoke the release of collagenase and other hydrolytic enzymes from synovial cells and macrophages.
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In stress system, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal and the sympathetic adrenal medullary axises are activated, and thereby provoke the releasing of glucocorticoid (GC) (corticosterone in rodents and cortisol in humans) and adrenal hormones, which are the main stress hormones.
On the other hand, in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, various proapoptotic signals converge at the mitochondrial level, provoking the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol [25].
Treatment with telomestatin impairs telomere replication and provokes the release of POT1 and TRF2 from telomeres, which results in loss of single- and double-stranded telomeric DNA and inhibits growth of tumor cells [15].
Underlying medical illness that provokes the release of counterregulatory hormones or compromises the access to water is likely to result in severe dehydration and HHS.
IGF-I has been shown not only to provoke hypertrophy, but can also recruit additional satellite cells to the hypertrophic fibre by provoking the release of IL13, thus ensuring a functional nuclear domain to these fibres (Jacquemin et al. 2007).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com