In addition to mitophagy, PINK1/Parkin signaling can provoke mitochondrial fragmentation (Deng et al, 2008; Poole et al, 2010; Yu et al, 2011; Rana et al, 2013; Buhlman et al, 2014; Sugiura et al, 2014).
In human cells, treatment with the chemical uncoupler FCCP causes an increase in oxygen consumption and a decrease in ATP generation, provoking mitochondrial fragmentation and the appearance of donut-shaped mitochondria [ 43].
It is generally accepted that increased mitochondrial connectivity produced by shifting the balance of mitochondrial dynamism toward either more fusion or less fission represents a more physiological condition, and that less connectivity or fragmentation provoked by increased fission or impaired fusion is pathological.
Miguel Ángel Osorio, the interior minister, said that the previous government's focus on capturing or killing senior drug barons had "provoked a process of fragmentation of [criminal] groups…which makes them more violent and much more dangerous".
Thus, when in contact with the bacterial membrane hydrogen peroxide can provoke lipoperoxidation [ 13, 31, 49], DNA fragmentation [ 29, 32, 75], and consequent cell death.
In this, Mr. Lubin both describes the Kushner sensibility that is so in tune with our moment and echoes Paul Fussell's "The Great War and Modern Memory," the classic study of how the charnel house of World War I provoked a new literature of irony and fragmentation to encompass irrational horror.
And finally, spontaneous mitochondrial fragmentation induced by Drp1 overexpression fails to provoke meaningful pathology, at least in Drosophila cardiomyocytes (Bhandari et al, 2014b).
Peptide fragments released from proteolytically cleaved F508del-CFTR provoke an overactivation of a pleiotropic protein kinase (CK2), which in turn contributes to the fragmentation and poor stability of F508del-CFTR [39, 40].
"I think what you see much more than a migration to the right is a fragmentation of the Israeli electorate," says Mr Burston, whose regular newspaper columns provoke fierce debate here.
