Provision of interpreters has grown as a result.
In the United Kingdom there also is a serious lack in the provision of interpreters to support BSL users, leading to a vicious cycle whereby there is an insufficient specialist vocabulary within BSL to help deaf students (and interpreters) learn and communicate technical details in a range of academic subjects.
Contractors have become an indispensable part of the force, performing a variety of functions in Afghanistan, such as communication services, provision of interpreters who accompany military patrols, base operations support (e.g., food and housing), weapons systems maintenance, and intelligence analysis.
In general, the provision of interpreters in primary care appeared to be well organised and fairly reliable.
The provision of interpreters in primary care was generally good, although there was a tension between interpreters translating verbatim and acting as patient advocates.
Carers should be able to communicate in English to a degree whereby they can participate in the interviews and assessments (unfortunately limited funding precludes the provision of interpreters).
We interpreted factor 1 as " Responsibility for adaptation to instrumental communication" as it comprised two items related to communication (the provision of interpreters and the provision of written information).
However, the provision of interpreters during in-patient stays was less reliable, with patients lacking interpreters at key points in their hospital stay, e.g. when waking up after an operation or during in-patient stays.
The provision of interpreters and written information were reported as being the responsibility of health professionals, while patients were expected to adapt to the gender of health professionals and to the values of the host country.
Further, the associations between low CHL and experiencing communication problems indicate the need for advocacy in the health authority to ensure provision of interpreters during the HEA and other health encounters.
