Provincial population welfare departments regularly run campaigns to educate citizens on the benefits of various forms of birth control.
The provincial population more than doubled in the first half of the 20th century and doubled again during the next 35 years.
The proportion of the provincial population with a primary level of education or higher is much higher than the national average.
Dissatisfaction is widespread among the more than 36m migrants in Guangdong, one-third of the provincial population, many of whom work in harsh conditions.Protests, sometimes violent, are common.
But Christians, who make up more than a third of the provincial population, say that unchecked sectarian violence underscores the relative impotence here of the government in the face of the Islamists' strength.
Because he thought of himself as in some ways the patron and defender of the provincial population, lax or extortionate officials could expect some loss of imperial favour, an end to their careers, or an even more severe punishment.
2013 With standard deviation weighted by provincial population.
HIGHER: Percentage of provincial population with at least university education.
IMMIGRANT: Percentage of provincial population born in another province.
OVER60: Percentage of provincial population over age 60.
URBAN: Percentage of provincial population living in provincial and district capitals.
