This new paradigm is gaining an expanding interest, since it provides cost efficient architectures that support the transmission, storage, and intensive computing of data.
Using biological, chemical and engineering advances in the last decades, technologies to provide cost efficient cultivation, harvesting, extraction and processing of sustainable biofuels have to be elaborated.
There is increasing social and political pressure for health services to utilise telehealth to provide cost efficient and equitable care across communities [ 1- 3].
It has led the way in reducing avoidable harm to patients, with Seattle's Virginia Mason hospital delivering "near zero harm", something many systems, including England's, are seeking to emulate.What the NHS is good at is providing cost-efficient care.
WMNs [1],[2] are currently attracting a lot of attention from wireless research and technology community due to their importance as a means for providing cost-efficient broadband wireless connectivity.
In addition to that, the newcomer concept of frugal innovation is moving towards a new business model by adapting local market requirements and providing cost-efficient and high customer-value solutions.
Cloud technologies provide large computing capacity, and this allows for the integration of distributed large-scale facilities for managing user requests and providing cost-efficient responses.
New open access publishing models provide cost-efficient methods for disseminating research findings, eradicate excess profits by publishers and massively widen the readership of scholarly works.
Clinical care models have been developed to provide cost-efficient, culturally appropriate care to low-income older patients (Coleman et al. 2006; Counsell et al. 2007).
In particular, a shift from typ- ical and expensive full-bisection bandwidth interconnects (which safely cover the worst communication cases) to application oriented designs (which may provide cost-efficient data movement at larger system scales) is devised in academic research and industry initiatives.
The established protein expression and purification platform provides cost-efficient access to these biotechnologically important enzymes and paves the way for systematic enzyme engineering approaches.
