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However, the TCA cycle is extremely important for energy production because it provides the precursor molecules, namely NADH and FADH2, for OXPHOS (Fig. 1).
The main components of neem oil are hydrocarbons containing low amount of oxygen which provides the precursor species in catalytic CVD growth of CNTs.
Triterpene saponins are synthesized via the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway [ 9], which is ubiquitous in plants and provides the precursor 2,3-oxidosqualene for terpenoid biosynthesis.
It functions in supplying both the electrophilic primer substrate and the condensation substrate for isoprenoid biosynthesis, and provides the precursor for biosyntheses of various meroterpenoids [ 11, 13, 25].
However, we have recently described that riboflavin production can be enhanced considerably by genetic and metabolic engineering of the purine pathway, which provides the precursor for riboflavin biosynthesis [ 3, 4].
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The Calvin Benson cycle (CBC) provides the precursors for biomass synthesis necessary for plant growth.
The MEP pathway provides the precursors (IPP and DMAPP) for the synthesis of both monoterpenes and downstream carotenoids.
There are seven genes involved in the MEP pathway, which provides the precursors for monoterpene synthesis [ 23].
A small unit of SCs in the basal layer of the IFE provides the precursors that replace the terminal differentiated keratinocytes.
The MVA-independent pathway operates in plastids and provides the precursors to monoterpenes, diterpenes, certain sesquiterpenes, carotenoids and the side chains of chlorophyll and plastoquinone [ 110].
The cytosolic MVA terpenoids pathway, which starts from acetyl-CoA and proceeds through the intermediate mevalonate (MVA), provides the precursors for sterols and ubiquinone [ 35].
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