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Growing Generations was one of the first companies of its kind, with a mission to provide surrogates and egg donors so that, for the first time, gay men could have biological children of their own (aside from doing it the old-fashioned way, with a wife, which usually didn't work out too well for either party).
However, it has become clear that there is a critical need for new biomarkers of the response of TB to drug therapy, that can provide surrogates of drug efficacy to guide design and conduct of these clinical trials [4] [6].
In vivo measurements of cell death, proliferation, metabolism and hypoxia in a multi-parametric design may hold higher prognostic and predictive value than single measurements and could provide surrogates for clinically meaningful endpoints [2].
Because safeguarding the patient's autonomy often requires open discussion of the patient's condition with appointed surrogates [ 2, 3], physicians have ethical duties to provide surrogates with complete and accurate information on which to base their decisions.
Studying samples obtained during treatment with anti-invasive agents (or, indeed, any new agents) will allow researchers to evaluate the ability of biomarkers and cellular endpoints stemming from experimental studies to provide surrogates for drug response, an important aim in the absence of long-term outcome data.
However, with a growing body of evidence that qualitative criteria such as the development of new PET lesions or complete metabolic response following treatment can provide surrogates marker for clinical outcome, [F]FDG-PET is becoming established as a clinical technique for assessing tumour response, especially for FDG-avid lymphoma subtypes.
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Clinics that provide surrogate mothers for foreigners say they have recently been inundated with requests from the United States and Europe, as word spreads of India's mix of skilled medical professionals, relatively liberal laws and low prices.
Modular designs employing surface-bound ligands provide specific homing devices for loaded cargo, and biocompatible and biodegradable constructs provide surrogate temporary microenvironments.
Houses serve as safe, protective spaces for members who are shunned by society and provide surrogate families for those who have been thrown out of their own.
The combined measurement of these two peptides might provide surrogate variables for volume status but also act as an early indicator of deteriorating hemodynamic changes.
In essence, such indirect data may provide surrogate or indirect estimates of exposures to environmental agents.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com