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Lipid metabolism takes place in mitochondria where carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) enzyme system facilitates the transport of long-chain fatty acids into matrix to provide substrates for beta-oxidation.
Self-assembled nanofibers and nanotubes can be fabricated using peptides, polymers, or carbon nanotubes, and can provide substrates for cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation.
The diversification of early chemoautotrophy would in turn provide substrates for reverse heterotrophy in an increasingly complicated and mutually dependent economy of electron donors and acceptors (see Table 1).
It has been hypothesized that the ER lumen localized LLD-associated Ces1d functions to mobilize lipids to provide substrates for VLDL assembly through a process of "hydrolysis/re-esterification cycle" (Lehner et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2007).
In myocytes, TAG serves as energy storage, where they are hydrolyzed to free fatty acids (FFAs) to provide substrates for mitochondrial β-oxidation and the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The second reason is that once sea level stabilized in the Pacific, beginning around 6000 years ago (Grossman et al. 1998), broad reef platforms around the fringes of many islands began developing and came to provide substrates on which islands made of surficial materials might then form.
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The accumulated citrate could be further cleaved by acl to provide substrate for fatty acid synthesis.
Long-term contracts were struck between Feldheim Energie and local agricultural businesses which provide substrate for the biogas plant.
However, small catalysts do not have a large protein ligand to provide substrate selectivity and minimize catalyst poisoning.
Thus, we speculate that electrostatic interactions between the hyperphosphorylated Ser/Thr-rich domain and myosin II are established to enhance substrate phosphorylation or provide substrate specificity in vivo.
Technically it is substrate receptors, such as bTrCP, that provide substrate specificity.
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