Investigators provided causality assessments for unsolicited events.
Investigators provided causality assessments for unsolicited AEs.
All solicited injection site AEs were considered to be vaccine-related, and investigators provided causality assessments for solicited general events.
Injection-site events were considered to be vaccine-related, and investigators provided causality assessments for general symptoms.
However, due to the underlying research design, these results do not provide for causality [23].
A. Bradford Hill's (Hill, 1965) criteria for inferring causality provide a means for judging the merit of an association between food or nutrient intake and a health outcome.
To explore the physiological significance of the statistical relations between PVAT properties and insulin-induced vasoreactivity, and to provide evidence for the causality of the relation, we performed ex vivo pressure myography with microvessels harvested from the skeletal muscle biopsies.
For complex diseases, WES can provide more evidence for causality compared to GWAS, assuming that the causal variants are exonic.
These are all cross-sectional associations, and although they can serve for hypothesis generation, they do not provide definitive evidence for causality or directionality: longitudinal studies are required for this.
Together, virus isolation from serum and, for 1 case-patient, documentation of >4-fold rise in antibody titer, provide conclusive evidence for causality.
