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From optimization viewpoint, the unsupervised step, i.e., pre-training, can provide a relatively accurate initialization compared with random initialization, and from regularization viewpoint, it can provide a prior about the training data (Y Bengio, I Goodfellow, A Courville: Deep Learning (2015), unpublished).
As suggested by Birkes and Dodge (1993) and Gelman et al. (1995), a simple way to provide a prior variance on the parameters β1 and β2 in the current study was to inflate the historical variance.
In this case the multiple samples provide a prior likelihood that the site is a variant, and the caller determines the most likely distribution of alleles given the data.
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It provides a prior knowledge of landslide probable zones on the basis of a set of geo-environmental factors suitable for landslides locally.
For these reasons, the store elected only to detain offenders in extreme circumstances, that is when they had provided a prior warning to the individual, when they had provided a visible presence when that person was within a store (they had a high quality CCTV system), and when nevertheless the person still attempted to steal goods as they left the shop.
As Jacobs et al. mention, advocates of DEA would argue that the problems of providing a prior specification of functional form can be avoided by applying a non-parametric technique.
Under the Bayesian approach, all unknown parameters must be provided a prior distribution that defines the range of possible values of the parameter and the likelihood of each of those values based on information external to the data.
They also provide a baseline prior to the ban with which future assessments can be compared.
Together these baselines would provide a Bayesian prior distribution of risk.
Phenotypic comparisons in mice could thus provide a strong prior probability for the causal involvement of a specific mutation identified in human patients.
For an estimated parameter, such as sensitivity (Se i ), we first provide a uniform prior distribution (a Sei, b Sei ) and then give b Sei another uniform distribution (b 1Sei, b 2Sei ).
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