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VTA neurons were visualized with an upright microscope (Zeiss Axioscope, Germany), modified to provide a gradient contrast image utilizing infrared illumination.
However, the NEM concentrations appropriate to provide a gradient depletion of protein thiols and total thiols were found to be too high for depleting nonprotein thiols.
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Here we provide a gradient-guided refinement framework for subtomogram alignment that minimizes a dissimilarity score as defined by the squared sum of the differences between a parameter fixed function and a function whose parameters are optimized.
The obliquity between the convergence direction and the trend of the plate boundary provides a gradient in uplift and variations in longevity of orogenic activity with a young, immature orogen in the south, a mature orogen in central and northern Taiwan, and perhaps even the cessation of orogeny in the far north.
Counties with different levels of wheat farming provided a gradient of exposures, thereby overcoming the lack of a null referent.
Therefore this module has the characteristic of providing a gradient response, while exhibiting adaptive behaviour in homogeneous stimuli.
An alternative approach is to suppress the initial formation of BCPs using energy cascade structures, where an interlayer between the light-absorbing p-type material and the electron-accepting n-type provides a gradient in the conduction band levels.
K+ ions leaving the cell through the K+ channels have been shown to supply the Na+,K+-ATPase with K+ even in [K+]out-free media [ 26], while the Na+,K+-ATPase activity provides a gradient for the ionic current through the K+ channels [ 25].
To this end, we investigate three mountain grassland ecosystems in the Alps ranging in elevation from 970 to 2160 meters above sea level (m asl), providing a gradient in the timing of spring snowmelt and thus the start of the growing period.
Unlike the Laplace approximation and Monte Carlo sampling, the variational Bayes approach provides a gradient-free algorithm to analytically approximate the posterior distributions.
The negatively charged capillary endothelium, anionic glomerular basement membrane, and the anionic podocyte cell coating might provide a charge gradient that facilitates transit of amine-functionalized CNT from the blood to the urine [31].
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