Variability in the germination response of seeds from different provenances, populations, individuals of the same population, or from different locations in the crown of the same individual tree is well known (Silvertown 1984; Martin et al. 1995; Schütz and Milberg 1997; Mamo et al. 2006).
In this study we expand the taxonomic and geographic coverage of the DNA barcode reference library, and further test the utility of this diagnostic method, both for species/subspecies assignment and for determination of geographic provenance of populations.
As in the OXVASC study (section entitled "Understanding the Provenance of Populations and Sample Selection"), this requires excellent links between hospital and community services.
We generated SNP datasets for 31 wild-born orangutans from two populations representing the first effort of large-scale SNP discovery and genotyping of orangutans with known population provenance.
Indeed, common-garden and reciprocal transplant studies are generally performed in a temporal/spatial context of invasion (population provenance) and frequently consider fitness traits (plant development and reproduction) and environmental conditions (e.g. watering treatments, herbivory, etc).
By contrast, genomic studies often rely on zoo animals with unknown population provenance (if wild-born) or apply a limited sampling schema (e.g. [ 48]), and thus there are likely inherent sampling biases.
Selection of provenances within this population provides opportunities to support both livestock growth and reproduction.
One possible explanation is that at the time where selection took place, winters in Germany, the provenance of the Petkus population, were harsh enough to form a similar selection pressure on the Petkus population compared to Eastern European populations under Eastern European winters.
The provenance of the aviary population is not well known, as no live birds have been imported to the UK since the 1960s.
These are critical questions because the provenance of the sample population has the potential to systematically bias findings both in magnitude and direction.
