Thirdly, data for each species was analysed separately to test for provenance effects across sites.
Secondly, data for each site were separately analysed to test for species × provenance effects within each site.
Table 6 By Species: significance (p values) of site and provenance effects for each species Trait Source Species E.
Data were analysed using ANOVA to test for species, site, and provenance effects, and the interactions species × site, and provenance (species) × site.
Deviations from such a mixing line or curve are due to local provenance effects, authigenic/diagenetic resetting, weathering, and other processes, but the overall relationship holds true.
All models incorporating provenance covariance gave higher estimates of the variance component for provenance effects (see Data S2 for comparison of results across the alternative datasets and models).
We checked the assumption by visual inspection of errors used for tests of provenance, family and site by family within provenance effects and found an acceptable fit.
Incorporation of provenance covariance using the 1− GeoFST covariance matrix for the same 20 provenance dataset attributes between 38% (sexual generation N. albipes and 95% (asexual generation N. quercusbaccarum) of variance in gall abundance to provenance effects (Fig. 3).
Provenance effects were explored using a large experimental trial of Q. petraea at La Petite Charnie in Northwest France (Fig. 1; 48.086° north, 0.168° west; details on the planting and layout of the trial are provided in Data S1).
