We believe these applications could be ranked as follows: first, prove exposure in every experiment (quality assurance) and demonstrate physiologically relevant exposure; then compare and align diverse exposure systems; compare test articles; and finally compare cell types and align biological response data from varied sources.
First, an immune-response proves exposure to Brucella (or cross-reacting bacteria) but not necessarily infection.
It is conceivable, though not proven, that exposure to chemicals could affect a male fetus in such a way as to render the child phenotypically female (i.e., in external appearance).
However, Schepers et al. have proven that exposure of cells to CaOx crystals results in necrotic cell death with significant necrotic changes, such as loss of plasma membrane integrity, release of lactate dehydrogenase, cellular and nuclear swelling, and inflammatory response.
Studies have proven that exposure to certain types of music right before rigorous mental activity can really help, by waking up your brain and increasing your awareness.
According to Edward Boyer, the recent opioid epidemic has proved that "exposure does matter".
This scheduling is enforced by the BBC and, as last autumn's World Cup proved, terrestrial exposure remains precious.
And since there is probably no way to distinguish those who developed cancer from ground zero from those who might have developed it anyway, anyone who can prove sustained exposure could potentially be eligible for payment.
The finding adds to a series of others suggesting, though certainly not proving, that exposure to blue light may keep us more awake and alert, partly by suppressing production of melatonin.
Medical experts say that proving that exposure to a known toxin caused an illness is notoriously difficult, even in situations where the hazards are as obvious as the thunderhead of dust and smoke that rolled through Lower Manhattan on Sept. 11 and lingered over the rubble pile for weeks.
