Exact(1)
In the end, his misstatements, even if proved intentional, may not matter.
Similar(59)
Disparate impact is a powerful tool, since it is often hard for workers to prove intentional discrimination.
Even the public prosecutor had asked for the case to be dropped, saying there was insufficient evidence to prove intentional corruption.
The Justice Department argues that the law still runs afoul of the Voting Rights Act but now faces the higher threshold of proving intentional discrimination to prevail in court.
The prosecutor had earlier requested that the case be dropped, saying there was not enough evidence to prove intentional corruption, but the court disagreed, saying "his guilt results from longstanding and reiterated practices" of illegal party financing.
Richard L. Hasen, a law professor at the University of California, Irvine, said the department would "have a hard time proving constitutional or Voting Rights Act violations against North Carolina," adding that proving intentional racial discrimination is difficult and "even though many minority voters are Democrats, discrimination against Democrats cannot be the basis for these voting claims".
Then, in 1971, the Supreme Court, in a unanimous decision called Griggs v. Duke Power Co., greatly broadened the sweep of Title VII by saying that plaintiffs no longer had to prove intentional discrimination but would have grounds for suing if hiring practices had a discriminatory effect or "disparate impact".
For nitrogen physisorption this means that virtually identical isotherms are found for S8/C samples, irrespective of their pre-treatment, making it impossible to prove intentional nanostructuring by pore filling.
For instance, when a member of the board performs a transaction, declares it to the stock market authorities and after some time realizes profits based on privileged information, it is often very hard to prove intentional exploitation of inside information.
But the burden of proof is higher for criminal cases than under civil suits because in a criminal case the agency will have to prove intentional deception. .
The theory allows minorities and others, including the disabled and the elderly, to prove illegal discrimination simply by showing that a practice has the effect of discriminating against them, even if they cannot prove intentional discrimination.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com