The OA.5h oocytes without protrusions showed actin enrichment and intact spindles (Figure 1J).
While oocytes with protrusions always showed enrichment of both actin and myosin in the protruding domain (Figure 3), oocytes without protrusions showed either only actin enrichment (D+Bleb) or neither actin- nor myosin-enrichment (D+CB).
In contrast, latrunculin B also inhibited the forward protrusions showing actin structures were required for both cell movements.
Combined use of Rac, CDC42, or RHOA activity probes and high-resolution imaging of single-membrane protrusions showed that RhoA is activated at the tip of forming cell protrusions whereas Rac and CDC42 activity patterns are wider (Machacek et al., 2009).
However, neither the mushroom spine density (GFP: 0.015 ± 0.006, cre: 0.013 ± 0.004, Bcl2: 0.017 ± 0.006) nor the percentage of mushroom spines (GFP: 0.80 ± 0.27, cre: 1.06 ± 0.30, Bcl2: 1.08 ± 0.34) relative to total number of protrusions showed any difference between samples in C57Bl/6 mice.
Specially, intense GUS reporter gene staining during embryo protrusion showed that SFAR4 was highly expressed post-germination (Fig. 2a).
The present findings also indicate that, compared to the previously published results, the experimental OAm currently tested at 8mm protrusion showed retentive forces of ~27N as shown in Table 1.
130 At least one of its medial and lateral mesenchymal faces exhibits a protrusion showing an angle smaller than 90° with the mesenchymal face of the adjacent epithelium (Fig. 5c).
The epithelium of the endolymphatic sac in Slc26a4+/− was heavily folded and included tubular protrusions, as shown in Fig. 4J.
In all cases, the protrusions were shown to be filled with actin by homogeneous phalloidin labeling (Figure S3).
