It is not clear if these protrusions attach to other cells like TNTs do, or if they just act as periscope-like sensors.
Second, these protrusions are attached to the substrate through the formation of focal adhesions.
Within ∼2.5 minutes, the protrusion has attached to the microbead, capturing it, and is pulling it towards the cell (Fig. 6 and Video S7), and out of the trap.
No defect is found in initial attachment, and once attached, protrusions extend rapidly.
101 The mechanisms that facilitate TNT formation remain unclear, however a recent study demonstrated that a mammalian protein, M-Sec, induces formation of membrane protrusions that attach to neighboring cells and result in formation of TNT-like structures.
CPC5 accounts for the cell attaching the lateral protrusion to the substrate (Fig. 3b), whereas in CPC2 the lateral protrusion is not attached (Fig. 3b).
On the other hand, filopodial projections often contain integrins but, unlike NeoA-induced protrusions, filopodia are often attached to the substratum.
Moreover, the chaperone chain is organized as a bipartite structure with a backbone formed by a series of ARM/TPR∗ superhelices and attached functional protrusions mediating interactions with client proteins and partner chaperones.
Under proliferating conditions, cell morphology after hypergravity stimulation was found qualitatively comparable to that observed in control cultures; as shown in Figure 2(a), cells retained their typical round morphology with very small protrusions and were homogeneously attached to the substrate after both 50 g and 150 g treatment.
The sbwAFP remained attached to the ice protrusion approximately 8.5 Å above the main ice plane which developed slight concave curvature with respect to the adsorbed protein.
