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Each of these strategies is likely to require protracted dose administration to prevent angiogenesis and suppress tumour growth.
Conventionally fractionated radiotherapy, applied for over a century, delivers a protracted dose over multiple daily treatments commonly given over 5 7 weeks.
Genes included in these two categories were members of the glycolysis pathway (lactate dehyrogenase A, LDHA; glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH; 6-phospho-fructokinase tyPKFP, PKFP; enolase 1, ENO1; and hexokinase 2, HK2), all of which were expressed at lower levels in cells exposed to the protracted dose.
Considering the observed decline in aberration frequency with time observed in this study, and the fractionated and protracted dose rates experienced by the donors, total doses most likely significantly exceeded 2 Gy at least for these 3 donors and possibly for donors 8, 23, and 24 as well.
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We have a considerable amount of work ahead of us to determine the importance of the wealth of new information emerging in the fields of sub-cellular, cellular and tissue biology in order to improve the estimation of radiation risk at low dose and protracted dose-rate.
ARPE-19 cells treated with A2E showed degraded mitochondria, accumulated glycogen and lipofuscin debris, and underwent a protracted, dose-dependent death over several days to months.
Proliferation does not seem to be necessary for the effect of Topo, and no superiority for protracted dosing schedules was observed.
For protracted doses, there is reasonable evidence that a lifetime exposure exceeding 50 mSv increases cancer risks (Brenner et al, 2003; HPS, 2004).
However, in order to get a clearer indication of the activity/toxicity of an agent, it may be important to conduct more protracted dosing studies in which daily radiation doses of 2 Gy are administered with repeated dosing of the radiosensitiser (see below).
Early recovery of MGMT activity in tumours suggested that more protracted dosing with LM is required.
Similarly, weekly irinotecan dosing was used because of a limited free drug supply, although protracted dosing schedules are commonly used in pediatric trials [ 9, 18].
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