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For discussion on the conceptual difference between protest outcome and protest consequence, see Amenta and Caren 2004, Cress and Snow 2000, and Giugni 1998.
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Framing strategies also influence protest outcomes.
The question of what factors shape protest outcomes has slowly gained attention from Chinese researchers.
This article argues that not only can the institutional environment shape the manner of protest, it also shapes protest outcomes.
Although these studies have enhanced our understanding of protest organization and mobilization, they have neglected the study of protest outcomes.
Future studies can use in-depth interviews to explore how strategic interactions between protestors and governments shape protest outcomes.
Because the central government does not intervene in all protests, studies of protest outcomes must answer the question of "under what circumstances will the central government intervene".
Cai (2010) analyses the success and failure of protests from a cost-benefit perspective, pointing out that the cost of governments meeting protesters' demands, protesters' issue-linking strategies, social ties between protesters and high level authorities, the forcefulness of protests, and the absence of violence are crucial factors shaping protest outcomes.
Regardless of the protest's outcome, Beijing has almost certainly already lost one of its most valuable assets in the southern city: the trust of its residents.
While many international sightseers have little interest in the protest's outcome, the desire to witness an evolving American drama is strong.
"After the debrief we decided KBR will not protest the outcome of the awards".
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