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For the European Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE) in 2003, forest protection has been harmonised into three categories for the sake of comparison: protection to safeguard biodiversity, protection of landscape and specific natural features, and protective forest functions.
Table 5 shows that the proportions of protective forest and special-use forest are increasing gradually from NFI1 to NFI8 while those of timber forest and fuelwood forest are decreasing.
Forests are further classified into 5 categories, i.e., protective forest, special-use forest, timber forest, fuelwood forest, and economic forest, which are respectively 99.67, 16.31, 67.24, 20.57, 1.77 million ha (SFA 2014b).
Nearby, a lovely hexagonal relief sculpture by Luca della Robbia articulates a related Renaissance ideal: A bard strums a lute and sings, drawing forth birds and animals from the protective forest through the power of his music.
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Considering protective forests as engineering structures against natural hazards and risks, such as erosion, able to replace costly manmade infrastructures, a methodology is presenting aiming at their spatial identification in a changing mountainous environment.
The Miyawaki method of reconstitution of "indigenous forests by indigenous trees" produces a rich, dense and efficient protective pioneer forest in 4 to 6 years.
Large areas of protective mangrove forest had been razed and developers had built on wetlands, clogging natural drainage channels.
The management of protection forests aims to influence forest dynamics to ensure an optimal and continuous protective effect.
Not surprising considering the swathe of protective tropical forests that not only project mystery and menace, but also a cacophony of happy sounds".
Rural development in forested lands and high altitude ecosystems created new regimes and disturbances that set protective function of forests as the most fundamental of all forest functions.
Natural disturbances may cause a temporary reduction or elimination of the protective effect of forests.
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