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Additional analysis, using open-ended survey questions about responses to warnings, elucidates the complex, contextual nature of protective decision making during flash flood threats.
These results indicate the importance of designing and evaluating hazard risk communications in the context of the other messages people are receiving and the individual differences that influence protective decision making.
Yet their creativity, innovation, and open-mindedness have the potential to share, contextualize, disseminate, and communicate knowledge through formal and informal networks, as well as to inform protective decision making and advocate for change (Mitchell and Borchard 2014; Cumiskey et al. 2015).
The capacity for improved methods of research synthesis in environmental health to spur timely health protective decision making is also limited by the shortcomings of the available evidence stream that is produced by current systems of generating scientific knowledge.
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Precautionary principles are the foundations for policy when it has to deal with weakly understood causes of potential catastrophic or irreversible events, and where protective decisions require certain and costly policy interventions that may not solve the problem that they are designed to correct.
In particular, it is evident that the differences and uncertainties identified between available instruments assessed by Krauth et al. (2013) must be addressed if public health protective decisions are to be ensured.
It is unrealistic to expect kids to make rational, self-protective decisions while under emotional stress.
Yet, it is important to note that such "wrong" decisions would only result in non-protective decisions if the respective endpoint is indeed driving the risk assessment for the aquatic compartment.
Particularly the risk of underestimating the actual mixture toxicity should be minimized, while over-protective decisions resulting from overestimation of mixture toxicity by the prediction could be revised by conducting actual ecotoxicological tests with the combination product (which represents the whole-mixture testing approach).
The end result of this rigor can be the inability to read across all endpoints for all chemicals resulting in data gaps that cannot be filled using read across, however, this reflects the current state of the science and is preferable to making non-protective decisions.
Although the Supreme Court has issued some important privacy-protective decisions in recent years, such as requiring a warrant to attach a GPS tracker or search a cell phone, it has yet to address the privacy of modern electronic communications like email or cell phone location information.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com