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A number of falls studies alternatively or additionally used prospective calendar self-reports to assess occurrence of falling and the number of falls.
Previous studies in older adults have shown that there is a reasonable relationship between retrospective self-report and prospective calendar report of falls with a trend towards under-reporting of falls in retrospective method [ 34].
12, 13, 23 With regard to the findings of a validation study by Mackenzie et al, a retrospective self-report such as that used in our study was found to be less sensitive (56%) and less specific (94.7%) than the prospective calendar method for assessment of falls over a six-month period.
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Details of the prospective revised calendar are here.
Prospective daily calendars returned monthly are the preferred method for recording falls, 16 and most of the trials used this method.
The primary information for part (2) is a prospective 1 year falls calendar including assessment of medication change.
We report the relative deviation in estimated risks for the "retrospective" study as compared to those of the "prospective" study for different calendar years prior to 1999, i.e., at different time periods from our simulated data collection.
Concerning ActiFE Ulm, after completed data collection from the one year prospective falls and medication calendar, we will conduct a follow-up (figure 2), giving us the opportunity to estimate causal relationships between exposures and outcomes as described in our objectives.
Self-report retrospective fall data covering the previous 12 month period in DEGS1 and ActiFE-Ulm were collected, but only ActiFE-Ulm used prospective 12 month fall calendars.
Three main methods of collecting falls data were found in the articles: (i) prospective reporting systems using calendars, postcards or diaries (n = 33, 80%); (ii) retrospective reporting systems using telephone interview or postal questionnaire (n = 30, 73%); (iii) medical records (n = 18, 44%).
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