They found that 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetraflouroburate was the most active catalyst with nearly 100%% selectivity, and a suitable CO2-propylene oxide ratio was required for high conversion.
In the range of temperatures studied, an isopropanol to propylene mole fraction ratio close to 0.25 suggests a branching ratio of 1.5 between these two pathways in favor of propylene production.
Consequently, the P/E (propylene to ethylene) ratio in the production of steam cracking reduced.
The propylene to ethylene ratio produced by steam cracking of naphtha is about 0.6, whereas the ethylene and propylene yields are about 2 and 6 wt% from conventional FCC process.
Very high propylene-to-ethylene ratio of 2.5 was achieved.
SCC combines mild thermal cracking with the acid promoted cracking of a zeolite-based catalyst, and can provide very high yields of light olefins (with the possibility of varying the propylene-to-ethylene ratio) while operating at temperatures much lower than those used in the SC process [104].
The ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate (1 1 volume ratio) solution containing 0.01 M iodine [I2] and 0.1 M potassium iodide was used as an electrolyte for MS analysis.
The input parameters of the artificial neural network (ANN) are the infiltration temperature, the pressure in furnaces, the volume ratio of propylene, and the fiber volume fraction.
Importantly, such kinetic analysis can predict the maximum selectivity ratio of propylene glycol to ethylene glycol, which is 2.5, for example, at 478 K under the reaction conditions in this work, corresponding to a maximum yield of propylene glycol of ∼71%.
Integration of the Total Petrochemicals-UOP olefins conversion process (OCP) into a conventional naphtha steam cracker allows maximizing the propylene to ethylene yield ratio while converting olefinic feedstocks such as Raf 2, Raw C4s, HT Raw C4s and light FCC gasoline.
While all ECIGs work by heating a liquid solution into an aerosol that is then inhaled by the user, there are differences in engineering characteristics and appearance of the devices as well as how the liquid is stored and heated, its nicotine concentration, its ratio of propylene glycol and/or vegetable glycerin, and the flavorants added to the liquid.
