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(Axioms themselves are secondary, being propositional expressions of the corresponding concepts, which themselves are non-propositional).
This thesis is an expression of the law of extensionality for propositional expressions.
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Many AI problems, when formalized, reduce to evaluating the probability that a propositional expression is true.
where p is an arbitrary propositional expression.
In the article that kicked off the analog/propositional debate (Pylyshyn, 1973) the expression "propositional representation" was restricted to computational representational schemes based on predicate calculus notation.
The two sorts of mentalist theories sketched above both try to explain meaning in terms of the relationship between linguistic expressions and propositional attitudes of users of the relevant language.
The rules allow one to transpose propositional variables within logical expressions in logical proofs.
One advantage of this sort of approach to semantics is its parsimony: it makes no use of the intensions, Russellian propositions, or Fregean senses assigned to expressions by the propositional semantic theories discussed above.
This reference-fixing description is the meaning, the propositional contribution, of the expression.
Technically, the ability to correctly apply a term to something (such as by saying, "This is a dog" or by pointing at a dog and declaring, "Dog!") can be understood as an expression of propositional knowledge.
So they affirm spirituality, not religion, because personal opinion doesn't comport with any belief system that bases its expression in propositional truth (for example, the Bible).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com