Russell's 'Theory of Descriptions' predicts that (17) is meaningful but false, expressing a (false) proposition to the effect that there exists exactly one king of France and that whatever is king of France is bald.
The truth of (14) requires only that Sally stand in the belief relation to a purely general proposition to the effect that there is someone who uniquely is at Disneyland and that person is happy.
For if it were, it would seem that if A doesn't stand in the difference relation to B, then there is no (false) proposition to the effect that A differs from B. And quite generally, for the same reason it would appear that there are no false propositions.
He added: "I further conclude that there is no basis at common law to support any proposition to the effect that there is a general jurisdiction to compel disclosure of information, or indeed documents, from a haven furth of Scotland".
expresses a proposition to the effect that it is raining at a particular time and place.
Intuitively, (14) is true just in case Sally believes true a proposition to the effect that whoever is uniquely at Disneyland is happy.
Intuitions to the contrary are to be explained away as a conflation of speaker meaning and word meaning, the former of which may involve a proposition to the effect that Pegasus does not exist as a physical object.
Rather, they have meaning only in the context of the sentence in which they occur, a sentence whose assertive utterance expresses a complex existential proposition to the effect that there exists a unique F and whatever is F is G.
"[T]he truth of a proposition to the effect that there is a sound at such-and-such a position must consist in this: if someone was to go to that position, he would have certain auditory experiences," states Evans (1980, 274).
A generalized version of Speaker Subjectivism is Metaethical Contextualism, according to which the content of a moral sentence of the form "A ought to f" is a proposition to the effect that A ought to f relative to standards S, where S is determined by the context of utterance (Dreier 1990; Björnsson and Finlay 2010).
