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The proposal constitutes a threat if the proposer indicates that, if his demand is denied, he will make the recipient worse off than the recipient ought to be.
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After the Proposer had indicated their offer, the slip of paper was returned to the experimenters.
Neither study used the original UG task, in which proposers can freely indicate their offer.
This indicates that MDD patients merely care about offer fairness regardless of whether the proposer was a computer or human and seem not to consider reciprocity.
In the ultimatum game, proposers suggest a division which their partners can accept or reject.
In our study, Respondents showed behaviors, such as spitting water at proposers or hitting the barrier between them, which indicated dissatisfaction with selfish offers.
None of these types of behaviors were directed toward the experimenter, indicating that both chimpanzees and children regarded the Proposer as the main agent.
The Proposer was given a slip of paper with two rows indicating amounts displayed in fifty-cent increments from $0 to $5, and asked to circle the amount they wished to keep for themselves and the corresponding amount they wished to offer to their partner.
The results support the hypothesis that mathematically gifted adolescents behave deficiently in social valuation and theory of mind, as indicated by strategic but socially impaired offers in proposers and lower acceptance rates in responders, resulting in lower total earnings in the Ultimatum Game.
A positive correlation between Ultimatum Game offers and individual differences in extraversion was found, and interpreted as indicating increased equity considerations on the part of proposers with higher extraversion scores.
Overall, the results indicate that participants were more motivated to engage in a costly deliberative reasoning associated with an increase in acceptation rate when playing with female-stereotyped proposers, who may have induced more positive and emphatic feelings in the participants than did male-stereotyped proposers.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com