The previously proposed Philippine colonization hypothesis [ 1, 26] via Palawan and appending islets seems plausible (stepping-stone colonization).
The worldwide genetic and geographic structures detected in this study are in agreement with the previously proposed postglacial colonization routes of Europe during the Pleistocene [ 9, 12, 14, 17].
Mayer and Benyr [ 56] and Arnold et al. [ 7] proposed the colonization of Africa by Lacertidae in the Miocene over the land bridge connecting Arabia and Africa, which remained up until the early Pliocene [ 57].
Furthermore, although these studies proposed different colonization scenarios for many microhylid taxa, they agree on a similar Antarctic route scenario for the Australian-New Guinean taxon (Asterophryinae), as suggested in other vertebrate taxa distributed in Australia (e.g., marsupials, ratite bird, chelid turtles, and hyloid frogs [ 7]).
This confirms the scenario of sympatric speciation in situ in the lake, and make alternative evolutionary scenarios (such as the proposed multiple colonizations of the lake with introgression, or the origin of these species somewhere outside crater Lake Apoyo and secondary colonization [ 83]), far less parsimonious, implying a series of very unlikely extinction events (see [ 84]).
We propose different colonization models of Mediterranean region during the early Oligocene.
Squier et al. [ 5] proposed that intestinal colonization by S. aureus could be associated with increased frequency of colonization or contamination of skin sites, thereby increasing the risk for contamination of devices, wounds, and mucous membranes.
The authors proposed that increased colonization rates occurred because dry pools exposed dispersing stages to more wind and animal dispersal.
Use of bacterial counts as a diagnostic threshold in pneumonia has been proposed to differentiate colonization from infection [ 4].
The presence of elastin fiber (EF), a marker of parenchymal lung destruction, in tracheal secretion has been proposed to differentiate colonization from infection of the lung.
