Acikel and Mancuso [1] proposed to circulate CO2 through the HCT.
While the classical switched memory (SM) cells are generated from the germinal center reaction, IgD+IgM+CD27+ unswitched memory (UM) cells have been proposed to represent circulating marginal zone B cells, which are critical for protection against infections with encapsulated bacteria [ 10].
A more general method is proposed to analyze the circulating current features and sequence components; then a circulating current controller is designed based on quasi-PR controller.
It is proposed to represent a circulating satiety signal [ 23] and after fasting, therefore, may decrease its levels [ 24].
As a result, a number of approaches have been proposed to extend the circulating half-life of biopharmaceuticals, including fusion or conjugation to Fc fragments, albumin, lipids (able to bind albumin) or albumin-binding proteins [ 97].
Although molecules such as cardiotrophin-like cytokine 1 (CLC-1) and anti-CD40 antibody have been proposed to be potential circulating permeability factors, a definitive factor remains to be discovered.
Recently, blood CXCR5+ CD4 T cells, a heterogeneous pool consisting of functionally distinct Th1-like, Th2-like, and Th17-like subsets, have been proposed to be the circulating (blood) memory Tfh cells.
In addition to these ubiquitous progenitors, tissue fibroblasts have also been proposed to arise from circulating bone marrow cells or, in specific organs, from epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (see reviews [ 23, 24]); the controversial evidence supporting these claims will be discussed below.
In the mid 20th century, Gordon Kennedy was the first to propose that circulating signals generated in proportion to body fat stores influenced food intake and energy expenditure in a coordinated manner to regulate body weight (Kennedy, 1953).
The mechanism for this effect remains unknown but has been proposed to involve increased concentrations of circulating oestrogens [ 15, 17].
Proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6, have been proposed to cause cachexia despite low circulating leptin, due to the increased expression of the hypothalamic leptin receptor [ 33].
