The congestion proposal resembles plans used successfully in London and Stockholm.
The proposal resembles a similar measure adopted by California for cars sold inside that state.
Mr. Putin's proposal resembles what advocates in the United States call a "boost phase defense".
His proposal resembles a major element of a plan unveiled by Mr. Bush on Tuesday.
In combining a tax credit for new workers with a wage bonus for payroll expansion, the administration's proposal resembles elements from other recent proposals.
This year's medicare proposal resembles closely the bill that lost in the Senate last July, by a vote of 52 to 48.
The proposal resembles a measure adopted in San Francisco last year, over the strenuous lobbying of fast-food chains, to remove toys from all fast-food meals that do not comply with healthier nutritional standards.
Mr. Ravitch is a veteran of New York City's budget crisis in the mid-1970s, and his proposal resembles in some respects the emergency steps taken then to keep the city from sliding into bankruptcy proceedings.
The Volcker proposal resembled an amendment by Representative Paul E. Kanjorski, Democrat of Pennsylvania, that would let regulators dismantle financial companies so large, interconnected or risky that their failure would jeopardize the entire system.
For the provinces, Mr. Ishihara's tax proposal resembles a sort of Boston Tea Party, the first dramatic crack in a system euphemistically called administrative guidance, under which the central government decides everything from budgets to road projects on behalf of the local authorities.
