They estimate that between 1995 and 2011, all immigrants to the UK - from outside the European Union and inside - were a net drain on public resources of between £114bn and £31bn, depending on whether a proportionate share of all public spending is allocated to them, or only a share of the public services whose costs increase as the population rises.
The number of participants to be invited from each province was determined by the probability proportionate to sample size (PPS) method depending on the percentage of computer users in each province as determined by the Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka [ 12].
This corresponds to about 1% error in proportionate LLD, because it represents between 2 and 5 mm of bone length (depending on the bone length: 20 cm for very short tibias and 50 cm for normal femurs).
Because the pleasure offered by tragedy and melodrama depends on and is proportionate with their capacity to arouse grief, fear, and other unpleasant passions, Hume uses literature and theater as an occasion to elaborate on his theory of mixed emotions.
A proportionate and effective response to the crisis depended on an accurate determination of the extent of the crisis.
Similarly, the concept of proportionate review, where the level of ethical scrutiny depends on the risk to participants, is widely accepted, including by the UK National Health Service [ 25] and US federal regulations.
The validity of laws that, on their face, breach liberties depends on whether they are necessary and proportionate to achieve a legitimate end.
To use this matrix for a population with changing demography, we connect each individual with randomly picked other individuals such that the expected number of these "outgoing" connections is proportionate to the values of the POLYMOD matrix (which depend on the ages of the individuals and their contacts).
For situations between these two extremes, which may well include the situation that Worktimesurfer describes, it will depend whether the interference with employees' privacy is a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim.
As other observers have suggested [ 7, 8, 37], it may be that the prospects for successful, reasonably proportionate recruitment and retention of 'hard to reach' or 'difficult to find' groups depends on both appropriately addressing the potential barriers and the nature of the study itself.
