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Previous studies have suggested that transition metals in lower oxidation states are better able to exert oxidative effects than those in the higher oxidation states, which suggests that a toxicologically significant proportion of underground PM is either in a submaximal oxidation state or is able to be reduced in vitro to a state where it can further catalyze ROS generation.
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As this study focused on metals in PM, there remains a proportion of the mass of underground PM that was not identified in this study (45%, 44%, and 19% by mass for coarse, fine, and ultrafine fractions, respectively).
The proportion of methane released through underground ventilation is as high as 70% of all the coal-related emissions.
The exposure to radon progeny was calculated from the potential energy measurement taken in the workplace during the period of interest, the duration of the period, and the proportion of working time spent underground.
Despite producing a small proportion of Welsh coal, the four underground pits in Wales employ nearly 600 people.
Finally, we detected a greater proportion of fungal conidia on the Underground compared to outdoor sample sites, and found that the proportions of Penicillium species present varied between Underground lines.
Coal mine managers should encourage a balance between work demands and rewards of underground coal miners.
Even though that percentage can be expected to increase as production continues, it seems certain that a substantial proportion of the fracking additives injected remains underground.
The largest proportion of the cohort members had worked underground.
Since the increased mechanization of surface and underground coal mining, the proportion of out-of-seam dilution (OSD) mining from immediate roof and floor strata and generation of more fines in the mined product has increased.
Because larvae are extremely difficult to re-capture in the field (owing to their underground retreats), we measured proportion of each plant consumed at day 21 as an index of larval growth and survival.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com