These values for U are based on estimates of on the proportion of sites under constraint of 0.177 for A. thaliana and 0.113 for A. lyrata [ 31], a genome size of 135 Mb for A. thaliana and 206.7 Mb for A. lyrata, and a mutation rate of 7.0 × 10− for both species [ 32].
In background selection models, a key parameter is the genome-wide deleterious mutation rate, U, a rough estimate of which can be obtained as a product of the mutation rate, the genome size, and the proportion of sites under constraint [ 59].
Next, the proportion of sites affected by constraints, i.e. road traffic noise, landscape closure, excessive drainage and high predation pressure is analysed.
At a medium-term evolutionary scale the range of constraint (f, proportion of nonlethal nonsynonymous mutations as calculated by SNiPRE) was relatively narrow (table 2) and did not differ between the NA and nonNA TLRs (t4.9 = 1.2246, P = 0.28).
Then, we analyze the proportion of the numbers of satisfied constraints in actual students' answer and possible assignment setting using chi-square test.
Then, the constraint forces/moments can be obtained by distributing the resultant forces/moments according to the stiffness proportion of the supporting limbs with collinear constraint forces or coaxial constraint moments [57].
There are clear differences between groups and genders in proportions reporting constraints, and in the ranking of constraints (Table 2).
SNiPRE (Eilertson et al. 2012), an MK-like method utilizing information from multiple genes to detect selection was used to estimate the measure of constraint f (the proportion of nonlethal nonsynonymous mutations).
On the contrary, due to the imposed cost constraint, the proportion of genotyped females was small, leading to a high sensitivity of Δ G DS to any change in selection intensity.
The analyses performed with the modified MK test indicates that there is, overall, a very strong constraint (low proportion of nonlethal replacement polymorphism) and negative selection (highly conserved genes) in P. vivax (fig. 4 b), with few genes identified as being under positive selection.
