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The report finds that in sectors such as engineering, women make up a lower proportion of apprentices than a decade ago – for every female apprentice working within engineering there are 25 male apprentices.
Additionally, these regions are characterized by a rather low proportion of apprentices among employees but a high proportion of persons that are entitled to enroll at universities.
Where employers encountered low net costs of training apprentices, an increase in the proportion of apprentices that start their training but do not complete it would increase the cost.
For example, we used the proportion of apprentices among all employees and apprentices as a proxy for the supply of VET programs, because, to date, data on apprenticeship openings are not available.
Additionally, we use the proportion of apprentices among employees, as well as the proportion of persons entitled to enroll at universities in order to capture pull factors that might influence pupils to follow specific educational pathways.
Model 4 uncovers that an increase of the proportion of apprentices by one standard deviation (=6.2% points; see Table 2) is expected to significantly reduce the NEET rate of young males by approximately 1.0% points, whereas no effect is expected for young females (see Table 2; Fig. 3a).
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Despite the large increase in apprenticeship registrations, the proportion of registered apprentices completing their programs has actually fallen; thus, the increase in completions has not kept pace with the growth in registrations.
Factor loadings are negative for three variables: «youth ratio», «proportion of apprentices among all employees and apprentices» as well as «proportion of work places in the second sector», whereas the factor loadings of the remaining variables are positive.
Sixty-five per cent of young female apprentices are concentrated in just five sectors, whereas the same proportion of young male apprentices work across 10 sectors.
Figure 3 indicates that the proportion of parish children apprenticed into the manufacturing sector did increase from the 1780s, and that it subsequently remained high.
Prior education Particularly among German commercial apprentices, a substantial proportion of the trainees hold a UED.
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