Landscape structures that promoted larger pathogen populations on the wild host (high proportion and aggregation of remnant wild patches) facilitated the emergence of a crop pathogen by both increasing emergence event and decreasing emergence time.
(2014) investigated, in a more general context, but without considering pathogen evolution, how the basic components of landscape functional connectivity (proportion and aggregation of S and R cultivars, pathogen fitness on these cultivars, dispersal ability) affected epidemics for an airborne foliar disease.
The effects of the input factors (cropping season duration, proportion and aggregation level of wild patches, trade-off shape and pathogen mean dispersal distance) on the descriptors of the pathogen evolutionary trajectory (E, T E, and ) were assessed by fitting generalized linear models (GLM) with various link functions using the R software (R Core Team 2014) (Table 2).
We developed a simulation model, giving a particular attention to the representation of the landscape structures, and we characterized the landscape connectivity by the proportion and the aggregation level of the host varieties, the ability for the pathogen to develop on each host and its ability to disperse.
However, a slight change in peak intensity of the nanoparticles was observed while the peak position remains the same with a little peak broadening which may correspond to a tiny proportion of particle aggregation.
A large proportion of familial aggregation of breast cancer therefore remains unexplained.
Gene mutations associated with high personal risks are typically so rare that they explain only a small proportion of familial aggregation.
Finding the causes of even a modest proportion of familial aggregation of a disease could be a major step toward understanding the causes of the disease itself.
Mutations in TP53 [ 7], and possibly in the ATM [ 8] and CHK2 [ 9] genes, seem to confer moderately increased risks of breast cancer but might explain only a very small proportion of familial aggregation.
We compared the proportions of drug-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates reported by participating clinical laboratories from the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs) sites to proportions obtained by aggregation of existing antibiograms produced by the same ABCs laboratories.
