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The band gap energy of thin films characterized by most pronounced photoelectrical properties was calculated, on the basis of measured photoconductivity spectral response curves, by several approaches.
The band structure of Ge1 − x − ySixSny ternary alloys, which are easier to grow than binary Ge1-xSnx alloys, and clearly offer a wider tunability of their direct band-gap and other properties, was calculated and investigated by using the empirical pseudo-potential plane wave method with modified Falicov pseudo-potential formfunction.
Narrow-sense heritability at the trial level for all properties was calculated using Eq. 4. The constant of 2.5 used was suggested by Griffin and Cotterill (1988) due to the unknown proportions of selfing, full-siblings and half-siblings within the open-pollinated families (loosely referred to as half-sibling families in this article).
Excess amount of sodium in irrigation water, which can cause changes in soil properties, was calculated using Todd and Mays (2005) equation: {text{Na}},% = frac{{left( {{text{Na}}^ + {text{K}}^ right) times 100}}{{({text{Ca}}^{2 + } + {text{Mg}}^{2 + } + {text{Na}}^ + {text{K}}^. (3).
The distribution of osmotic properties was calculated as the first derivative of the haemolysis curve.
A set of topological properties was calculated in R with igraph package [ 52] (Table 2).
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These properties are calculated using molinspiration calculations software 24, 25.
Radiative properties were calculated using the Judd Ofelt theory.
Then, rock mass properties were calculated using empirical equations.
Material properties are calculated for the linear regions.
These properties are calculated using an inclusion based approach.
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