In fact, many of the problems associated with small amounts of data spring from difficulties in quantifying properly the estimation error, especially in models with a hierarchical structure [ 43].
The analytical methods developed are set in a Bayesian framework where multistage models are fitted jointly, properly incorporating parameter estimation uncertainty at all levels of the modeling process.
If one cannot scale the weights and include them properly in the estimation, analyzing the data without weights provides the next best option.
With the orthogonal matrices properly constructed, the estimations of steering vectors over the main and auxiliary arrays, which are prevented from converging to interferences, have been achieved.
Because covariates do not affect h2 estimate when their effect is properly corrected during the estimation, we did not differentiate the two settings when discussing and comparing the h2 values of individual features and the aggregated traits.
We also obtain, for the ancestral marker haplotype, a posterior distribution that is unique to our method and that, unlike maximum-likelihood estimation, can properly account for uncertainty.
As the proposed approximated theoretical performance formula of the whole JE algorithm shows good accordance with simulations, this result can be used to properly tune the delay estimation algorithm step-size.
In each country, sampling weights were used to make adjustments for non-response and to ensure that subgroups of the sample were properly represented in the estimation of population parameters (Joncas, 2008).
The pre-processing phase is complemented with an in-process chatter monitoring algorithm based on a recursive dynamic model identification: detecting real- time self-excited vibrations onset, and distinguishing them from forced vibrations, this module allows the controller to properly update the vibration estimation.
Variance estimation and, properly standardised, asymptotic normality of is discussed in detail in Chapter IV of [ 7].
