Further, there is evidence that many host plant shifts in Lepidoptera are in fact reversions in that some insect species may have a propensity to use host plants still used by closely related taxa through "evolutionary memory" of ancestral use [22].
Their proposed replication mechanism also likely explains their unique propensity to capture host gene fragments, which could have a tremendous impact on the genome (e.g., Brunner et al. 2005; Gupta et al. 2005; Morgante et al. 2005; Xu and Messing 2006; Jameson et al. 2008; Du et al. 2009; Langdon et al. 2009; Yang and Bennetzen 2009b).
Given the seasonality of these infections and their propensity to immunomodulate hosts, it is likely that helminths can help drive seasonal patterns of coinfections, but this hypothesis has rarely been examined.
C. pipiens' propensity to engage in host-seeking behavior ('activation') was measured as the proportion of mosquitoes that entered either baited trap during each trial.
For instance, van Klinken and Edwards (2002) reviewed 352 intentionally released exotic biocontrol agents of weeds and concluded that none had evolved a novel propensity to use new hosts.
1,000 randomizations were performed and there were 46 occurrences with no more than 2 data points meeting the criteria; hence, the dearth of data points in the top right quadrant found in our data would not be expected by chance (p = 0.046) and thus supported the hypothesis that peptides with high similarity to host proteins had a lower propensity to be recognized by the host CTL.
Interestingly, N. giraulti shows a high propensity to mate within the host (Drapeau and Werren, 1999), producing a strong coupling of host preference and assortative mating.
However, a distinguishing feature of Wolbachia endosymbionts is their propensity to switch between arthropod hosts (Vavre et al. 1999; Cordaux et al. 2001).
Considering the potential for conjugative transfer and dissemination of these Class I plasmids, the large genetic carrying capacity, their propensity to recombine, and the extended host range encoded by repABC lend importance to the study of the evolution and interactions of this group of plasmids, and the bacteria that harbor them.
