D-type Cyclins (Cyclin D1, D2, or D3) and their associated Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK4, CDK6) connect signals from cytokines to the cell cycle machinery, and they propel cells through the G1 restriction point and into the S phase, after which growth factor stimulation is no longer essential to complete cell division.
Rac is generally attributed to the formation of lamellae, which are used to propel cells forward.
Some cilia also beat to move fluids across the cell surface for example, to move mucus out of the lungs or act as flagella that undergo rapid whip-like movements to propel cells along.
Motile cilia, also called flagella, are used both as sensory antenna and motors that move fluids or propel cells (Salathe, 2007; Bloodgood, 2010; Lindemann and Lesich, 2010; Pichlo et al., 2014).
Since excessive inhibition of NF-kB can propel cells into apoptosis, agents like troglitazone, (which may inhibit NF-kB) could have a limited therapeutic window, and should be administered cautiously.
In the spring of 2005, Sirulnick visited Japan, the first country to introduce third-generation video cellphones, in 2001, and then took a side trip to South Korea, where the government's power to shape the wireless infrastructure has propelled cell-TV technology even faster.
Their architecture implements logic functions whose execution propels cells from one regulatory state to the next, thus driving development forward.
These signaling molecules in turn bias the locations of actin polymerization driven protrusions and myosin-II motor mediated retractions, generating internal mechanical forces to deform the cell as well as propel the cell towards the chemoattractant [ 1, 40].
This is most often used to propel the cell, notably in sperm cells, but it can also be involved in sensing cues in the surrounding environment.
In polarized migrating cells, actin flows posteriorly and becomes associated with myosin II at the trailing edge to propel the cell forward (Cramer, 2010).
