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From it sprouted hundreds of scribbled words, covering the surface: "deep," "birds," "propagation," "wings," "butterflies," "stained glass," "arteries".
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An excavation damaged zone (EDZ) develops around the man-made opening as a result of reactivation of pre-existing fractures and propagation of wing cracks.
The interactions between fractures strongly affect the initiation and propagation of wing cracks and secondary cracks, and make examples' failure patterns thoroughly different.
In this article we show the first numerical simulations of crack propagation in insect wings.
It has been assumed that the pre-existing cracks in brittle solids may propagate at the crack tips due to the initiation and propagation of the kink (or wing) cracks.
The presented results refer to the propagation of cracks in the wing skin under stable crack-growth conditions.
During the wing-array cracks' propagation and coalescence, the other crack's growth is restrained to a certain extent due to the release of stress concentration.
There is, however, one particular way in which anti-Semitism is being mainstreamed in the United States and in Europe: the propagation of "blood and soil" right-wing nationalism that by definition excludes Jews (whom many nationalists do not consider white).
Our study further supports the idea that the cross-veins in insect wings act as barriers against crack propagation and consequently play a dominant role in toughening the whole wing structure.
The simulation results suggest that when the parallel cracks are vertically aligned, they propagate independently in wrapping wing pattern, but there is neither prior propagation nor coalescence path.
Voronoi tessellation was used to develop the FEM domains to capture the effect of microstructural randomness on butterfly wing formation, crack initiation and crack propagation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com