In broadband wireless systems employing high bandwidths, the propagation channel typically exhibits high frequency selectivity.
Hence, correct and timely delivery of reference frames must be guaranteed with a higher probability to limit error propagation that typically results in significant degradation in the decoded video quality.
In the past studies, source inversion and forward wave propagation are typically carried out individually and use different velocity structure models (Sørensen et al., 2007; Bjerrum et al., 2010; Maeda et al., 2013).
However, the speed at which a change of current at one point in the material causes changes in currents in other parts of the material, the velocity of propagation, is typically about 75% of light speed.
While in an indoor environment propagation delays are typically negligible, the opposite is true for the macrocell deployment (17).
In large-scale networks where propagation delays are typically non-negligible, the timing advance procedure, common in current cellular networks, was combined with CelFSync to combat the effect of propagation delays.
The performance of the new solution was evaluated in a representative TOA-based localization scenario, where the positive skewed behavior of NLOS propagation conditions is typically modeled using such non-Gaussian distributions. 1 We write (x 2, (y 2, f 2, and h 2 as the shorthand for x x ⊤, y y ⊤, ff ⊤, and hh ⊤, respectively.
Propagation across frames has typically been performed by means of image and video processing techniques.
Typically, the propagation step consists in adding a random component to the state vector of a particle as (16).
However, there still remain multiple areas of open research that will help systems to meet the requirements of applications that have to operate in harsh propagation environments where GNSS typically fails, such as inside buildings.
