Propagation of traits occurs through a combination of (inorganic) environmental factors, interspecies competition, intra-species competition for resources and mates, and (generally) female mating choices (the latter two factors are generally described as "sexual selection").
Propagation of trait (or density) effects of parasitism depends on interactions with other species; the community consequences of such potentially bidirectional interactions are unclear [ 2].
In the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae they are at the origin of the occurrence, maintenance, transmission in a non-mendelian manner and propagation of 3 traits, the [URE3], [PSI+] and [PIN+] phenotypes [2] [4].
Furthermore, a demographic approach is central to understanding evolution because propagation of genes and traits depends on survival, fertility, and dispersal of individuals that carry them [28].
It is possible that even though breeders may carefully select a dog with which to breed that is a popular sire that inadvertent propagation of undesirable clandestine traits may ensue.
In the absence of sexual reproduction, V. filiformis seems to have colonized Europe by vegetative propagation favoured by several traits of the species.
A number of genetic screens highlighted the importance of these domains for prion traits occurrence and propagation.
Success in agriculture has always depended on innovation; inventive approaches drive crop improvement, the selection of plants with desirable traits, and their successful propagation.
Grapevines have maintained a rich genetic diversity since domestication as a result of vegetative propagation practices that both immortalize existing traits and unknowingly encourage unique phenotypes to arise from clonal cuttings that carry somatic mutations [ 2, 4].
