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As a result of the heterogeneous rupture propagation, the average rupture velocity in the entire fault is about 2.2 km/s.
As a result of the heterogeneous rupture propagation, the average rupture velocity of the entire fault is about 2.2 km/s, which is obviously slower than 2.6– 3.0 km/s that is expected from the S-wave velocity (Geller, 1976).
Then, during the strictly longitudinal propagation the average decay of the whistler waves in the magnetospheric resonator is determined by the expression: (18 where R is the reflection coefficient from the ionosphere (Eq. (17)), and T g is the period of the group propagation of whistler waves in the magnetospheric resonator.
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The obtained results give a general insight into the attenuation of the Rx signal dependence on the propagation conditions, the average magnitude of the variations around the mean and how precisely the model describes the attenuation trend with distance.
According to our calculation, it takes 5.0222 s to infect all nodes in the first community and 3.458 s in the second community through virus propagation (assuming the average time for one node to infect another node is 1).
Following this argumentation, mostly positively curved flame elements determine the flame propagation and the average reaction rate, where the influence of the preferential molecular diffusion and the Lewis number can easily seen to be important.
A simple physical picture allows an explanation, assuming that essentially the leading part of the wrinkled flame front determines the flame propagation and the average reaction rate, while the rear part of the flame is of reduced importance here (determining possibly the burnout process and the flame brush thickness but not the flame propagation).
The ξ p,r parameter is a weighting factor that accounts for the combined effects of power control and propagation loss effects (the average received power associated with the pth MT at the rth BS is |ξ p,r |2).
Based on the absence of gene associations, the degree of clonal propagation measured as the average number of individuals (ramets) per clone (genet cloning success) (i.e. N/ G, with N = number of individuals and G = number of clones or genets) thus yields estimates 56/48 (= 1.166) and 78/26 (= 3.00) in Roringen and Wibbecke, respectively.
Acoustic waves generated by the crustal vertical movement during the earthquake propagate up to the height of the ionosphere lead to the ionospheric anomaly, and the propagation speed of the acoustic wave is calculated as 0.72 ± 0.04 km/s based on the propagation time and propagation distance, consistent with the average speed of sound waves within a 0 450 km atmospheric height.
Let υ be the average propagation velocity of sound waves in water.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com