Four biaxial loading paths were applied in the tests to observe the effects of multiaxial loading paths on the additional hardening, fatigue crack initiation and crack propagation orientation.
In the lab reference coordinate system, the equation of the incident ray is determined by (x obj, y obj, 0) and its propagation orientation which is 10° to the normal of sample plane and is parallel to the y-z plane (Fig. 3(d)).
During propagation, the orientation of cutting materials in bedding material is considered a critical factor to get optimum response (Medina et al. 1962).
(B ) Propagation of oriented intercalation orientation vectors.
Since three types of interfaces for crack propagation were studied (orientations 0/0, 0/90 and 90/90), some problems arise in determining the SIF because of its oscillatory behavior.
Wu et al. (2008) carried out a series of hydraulic fracturing test to observe fracture initiation and propagation in well orientations based on transparent PMMA samples.
Based on the data measured, the normalized SWF curves of the Lamb wave propagation versus the orientation angles relative to the rolling direction of the aluminum sheet are obtained.
However, considering the extreme attenuation due to the soil propagation, the antenna orientation is an additional constraint to be considered in the deployment of WUSNs, specially for multihop underground networks, where the communication range varies based on the antenna orientation.
The formation and propagation of preferred orientation in the microstructure of the carbon films can be explained using the high internal stress and also the anisotropic nature of graphite crystal structure.
The simplest UWB receiver is the single-path matched filter (SPMF) [44] where, in the absence of other information, h(t) can be chosen to be proportional to w(t; dref, 0, Θmax), i.e., the received pulse at the reference distance dref in free-space propagation at the orientation Θmax of maximum tag's antenna radiation.
