Evidence for a number of viruses in vitro indicates that lower antibody concentrations are required to inhibit infection propagated by free virus than are required to inhibit infection propagated by cell-to-cell spread.
do display some randomness, and one can pinpoint the source of large-scale variability on these fluctuations, as they are amplified and propagated by cell-cell and cell-environment interactions.
The cancer stem cell hypothesis states that tumors are propagated by cancer cells with stem-cell characteristics, and that tumor heterogeneity results from differentiation of these stem-like cells.
The virulence factors of C. jejuni induce a pro-inflammatory response, that is initiated by the intestinal epithelial cells, propagated by innate immune cells and modulated by the cells of the adaptive immune response.
Stoyanova, T. et al. Prostate cancer originating in basal cells progresses to adenocarcinoma propagated by luminal-like cells.
Prostate cancer originating in basal cells progresses to adenocarcinoma propagated by luminal-like cells.
While susceptibility to chronic infection is propagated by T helper cell type 1 cytokine responses (characterised by production of IL-12, IL-18 and interferon-γ), immunity to intestinal-dwelling adult nematode worms is critically dependent on a type 2 cytokine response (controlled by CD4+T helper type 2 cells that secrete the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13).
Evidence from renal I/R injury models imply that the detrimental effects of MBL are propagated by induction of endothelial cell dysfunction, tubular cell apoptosis, activation of the complement cascade, and recruitment of neutrophils.
Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection, and is partly propagated by innate immune cells such as macrophages.
Gastric peristalsis is coordinated by an underlying electrical activity, termed slow waves, which are generated and propagated by the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) [ 1].
