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The violations included three nonanalytical positives — proof of doping through witnesses, documentation and other evidence.
Such low readings can indicate cortisone doping but is not conclusive proof of doping.
Most of the samples were taken before the introduction of the biological passport program and cannot be used as proof of doping.
This year the vampires have upgraded their testing of blood samples during the race, rather than rely on urine samples and periodic checking of red blood cells, which was not considered proof of doping.
In past Tours, officials relied on urine tests and drew blood only to determine whether cyclists' red-blood-cell counts were too high, a possible indicator but not proof of doping.
The statement adds: "The World Anti-Doping Agency and Dick Pound, the chair of its independent commission, have also stated clearly and unequivocally that 'no test data derived from the IAAF database prior to the adoption of the ABP in 2009 can be considered to be proof of doping.
Similar(41)
The United States Anti-Doping Agency is drawing criticism from athletes' lawyers for its practices, especially a recent decision that appeared to diminish the standard of proof for athletes accused of doping offenses.
Nobody ever accused Boyer of doping.
It's the hard fact of doping.
Few escape the spectre of doping.
Game theory explains the psychology of doping.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com