Furthermore, although the environmental chemical exposures we examined have been previously associated with childhood leukemia risk [ 5, 21], these measures are derived from maternal self-reports, which are prone to reporting errors and recall bias in that mothers of cases may recall exposures differently than mothers of controls.
These endpoints are often difficult to interpret for clinicians in the context of the clinical relevance and thus make them more prone to reports of exaggerated efficacy or false statements.
The evaluation of erectile function and libido based on patient-reported data is prone to reporting bias.
Although the evaluation of erectile function based on patient-reported data is prone to reporting bias, we could detect only a small effect of postoperative radiotherapy on erectile function.
Based on our study, veterinarians who are GTV members are more prone to report and/or to encourage farmers to report abortions than others.
Our findings must be interpreted with some caution as the study relies on self-reported behaviour which can be prone to reporting biases, although our findings on barriers and facilitators resonate well with findings from other studies.
Other ways of studying AEs are possible, but have important limitations; morbidity and mortality conferences analysis, malpractice claims analysis, and error reporting system analysis are three methods prone to reporting bias, while observation of patient care and clinical surveillance are very expensive and not suitable for detecting latent errors [ 27].
Secondly, the variables used in this study were self-reported, and the possibility that those reporting more problematic substance use would be prone to report higher (or lower) levels of other negative factors cannot be excluded.
Second, much of the analysis on shocks and coping strategies rely on self-reported data which might be prone to reporting bias.
Second, besides the more usual registry linkages to obtain causes of death and cancer incidence, the additional medical data from general practitioners (diagnoses, prescriptions and referrals) enable us to study other recorded health outcomes, for which other cohort studies mostly rely on self-reported questionnaire data that are prone to reporting and recall bias and selective loss to follow-up.
Furthermore, self-reported levels of physical activity are prone to reporting bias or cognitive bias [ 47], resulting in measurement error that could have influenced the presented findings.
